Slnečnú sústavu tvorí centrálna hviezda (Slnko) a telesá, ktoré obiehajú okolo nej. Je to deväť planét a ich 61 doteraz známych mesiacov, ďalej asteroidy, kométy a meteoroidy. Slnečná sústava obsahuje aj medziplanetárny plyn a prach.
Planéty patria do dvoch skupín:
1. štyri malé skalnaté planéty blízko Slnka (Merkúr, Venuša, Zem a Mars).
2. štyri planéty nachádzajúce sa ďalej od Slnka. Sú to plynní obri (Jupiter, Saturn, Urán a Neptún).
Pluto nepatrí do týchto skupín. Je to veľmi malá, pevná a ľadová planéta. Okrem krátkeho časového úseku, keď sa pohybuje vo vnútri dráhy Neptúna, je najvzdialenejšou planétou slnečnej sústavy. Rozhodnutie na kongrese IAU z dňa 24.8.2006 vylúčilo Pluto zo sústavy planét.
Medzi kamennými planétami a plynnými obrami je pásmo asteroidov, ktoré tvoria tisíce kusov skál obiehajúcich okolo Slnka. Väčšina telies sa pohybuje okolo Slnka po eliptických dráhach v úzkom disku okolo roviny rovníka Slnka. Všetky planéty obiehajú okolo Slnka v tom istom smere (pri pohľade zhora je to proti smeru hodinových ručičiek) a všetky, okrem Venuše, Uránu, sa otáčajú okolo vlastnej osi týmto smerom. Mesiace sa pri obehu okolo svojich planét otáčajú aj okolo vlastnej osi. Celá slnečná sústava obieha okolo stredu našej Galaxie, Mliečnej cesty.
MERKÚR - malá kamenistá planéta s priemerom 4900 km, obiehajúca okolo Slnka vo vzdialenosti 58 miliónov kilometrov. Teplota na jej povrchu vystupuje a 400 stupňov C a klesá na –170 C. Aj keď je najbližšie pri Slnku nieje najteplejší lebo nemá atmosféru. Nemá žiadne mesiace.
VENUŠA - je to najteplejšia a najjasnejšia planéta. Je to najbližšia planéta zemi. Jej povrch tvoria horniny. Má priemernú povrchovú teplotu 480 stupňov C. Je trochu menšia ako Zem. Nemá žiadne mesiace a má atmosféru.
ZEM – Zem je treťou planétou v poradí od Slnka. Je to doposiaľ jediné teleso vo vesmíre, o ktorom vieme, že je na ňom život. 71% povrchu tvorí voda. Je vzdialená od Slnka 149 600 000km. Vo vnútri je Zem veľmi aktívna. Okolo slnka obehne za 365 dní a 6 hodín. Okolo svojej osi sa otočí za 23 hodín a 56 minút. Má jeden mesiac, ktorý sa volá Mesiac.
MARS(červená planéta) - je to menšia planéta obiehajúca okolo Slnka. Jeho povrch má červenú farbu. Má priemernú teplotu –23 stuňov C a dva mesiace. Okolo Slnka obehne za 687 dní. Okolo svojej osi sa otočí za 24 hodín a 37 minút.
JUPITER(kráľ planét) -je to najväčšia planéta našej slnečnej sústavy je vzdialený od slnka 778 300 000 km. Slnko obíde za 11 rokov a 10 mesiacov. Okolo svojej osi sa otočí za 9 hodín a 50 minút. Jeho priemerná teplota je –150 stupňov C. Má 16 mesiacov.
SATURN- podobá sa na Jupiter, má veľké prstence. Má najviac mesiacov, 22. Jeho priemerná teplota je -180 stupňov C. Okolo svojej osi sa otočí za 10 hodín a 39 minút. Okolo slnka obehne za 29 rokov a 6 mesiacov. Saturn má spomedzi všetkých planét najmenšiu hustotu. Je ľahší ako voda, má iba 0,7 násobok jej hustoty.
URÁN - je to plynná planéta, 4 krát väčšia ako Zem, má priemernú teplotu -214 stupňov C. Urán obehne okolo Slnka zhruba raz za 84 rokov. Má 15 mesiacov. Veľkosťou aj zložením patrí Urán medzi veľké planéty, spolu s Jupiterom, Saturnom a Neptúnom.
NEPTÚN - je to plynná planéta, 4 krát väčšia ako Zem, priemernú teplotu má -220 stupňov C. Neptún je ôsma planéta od Slnka. Podľa veľkosti je štvrtý, hneď za Uránom, ale je od neho hmotnejší. Neptún má okolo seba prstence. Sú veľmi nevýrazné a tenké. Najvýznamnejší
MERKÚR
Merkúr je najbližšou planétou k Slnku. Bol pomenovaný podľa rímskeho posla bohov (možno preto, že sa pohybuje po oblohe najrýchlejšie zo všetkých planét).
Merkúr je malou planétou s tretinovým priemerom. Merkúr je planéta Slnku najbližšia a v slnečnej sústave druhá najmenšia. Má vysokú hustotu. V ohromnom železnom jadre je asi 80% jeho hmotnosti. Povrch je zjazvený tisíckami kráterov a prudkými útesmi, ktoré vznikli, keď sa mladé jadro planéty ochladzovalo a kôra na povrchu sa zmršťovala. Merkúr nemá takmer žiadnu atmosféru, pretože jeho gravitácia je príliš slabá, aby ju pri sebe udržala. Povrchová teplota sa na Merkúre pohybuje v rozmedzí od -180ºC do +430ºC. Merkúr má najdlhší deň - medzi dvoma východmi uplynie 176 pozemských dní. Deň na Merkúre je dlhší ako jeho rok (čas, za ktorý obehne okolo Slnka), ktorý trvá 88 pozemských dní, približnou rýchlosťou 48km/s. Pozorovať povrch Merkúru zo Zeme, vzhľadom na jeho malé rozmery a neveľkú vzdialenosť od Slnka, je veľmi ťažké. Na oblohe sa od Slnka nikdy nevzdiali ďalej ako na 28°. Preto ho vidíme iba nízko nad horizontom krátko pred východom , alebo po západe Slnka.
VENUŠA
Venuša je po Slnku a Mesiaci najjasnejším telesom na oblohe. Je to druhá planéta od Slnka, veľkosťou takmer identická ako naša Zem. Jej priemer je 95% priemeru našej planéty. Je pomenovaná podľa rímskej bohyne krásy a lásky. Bola považovaná za planétu, ktorá je najviac podobná tej našej. Opak je však pravdou. Výskumy hovoria, že podmienky pre život, aký v súčasnosti poznáme, na nej nie sú. Na povrchu vládne spaľujúca horúčava, jej atmosféra je plná oxidu uhličitého a vzniká v nej kyselina sírová. Dokázalo sa, že na povrchu planéty panuje veľmi vysoká teplota, pretože oxid uhličitý v hustej atmosfére bráni vydať späť teplo, ktoré planéta prijala zo Slnka. Vytvára sa teda jav u nás známy ako skleníkový efekt.
Venuša obehne okolo Slnka zhruba raz za 225 dní. Jej dráha je najmenej eliptická zo všetkých planét Slnečnej sústavy, čiže sa najviac približuje ku kružnici. Je vzdialená od Slnka 108 miliónov kilometrov. Venuša je najpomalšie rotujúcou planétou v Slnečnej sústave, jednu otočku vykoná približne raz za 243 dní a okrem toho sa otáča okolo vlastnej osi opačným smerom ako ostatné planéty. Avšak slnečný deň nie je na tejto planéte najdlhší. Trvá okolo 117 dní, pričom Slnko
Dátum pridania: | 21.08.2006 | Oznámkuj: | 12345 |
Autor referátu: | natasa | ||
Jazyk: | ![]() | Počet slov: | 215 |
Referát vhodný pre: | Základná škola | Počet A4: | 0.7 |
Priemerná známka: | 2.92 | Rýchle čítanie: | 1m 10s |
Pomalé čítanie: | 1m 45s |
Obe planety maju hory,kanony,puste,sopky a polarne ciapky.Obe maju aj koryta riek,hoci tie na Marse su teraz suche.Mars ma niektore ozaj mimoriadne pozoruhodnosti.Jednou z nich je Olympus Mons,najvacsia sopka v slnecnej sustave.Dalsou je Valles Marineris,sustava kanonov tiahnuca sa viac nez 4800km-asi ako cela sirka USA. Na Marse su stare koryta riek.Hoci teraz su suche,kedysi boli naplnene vodou.Kam sa ta vsetka voda podela?Vacsina z nej skoncila v ladovej ciapke na severnom pole Maru.Nieco z nej moze lezat zamrznute a ukryte hlboko pod martanskym povrchom.
Mars ma dva drobne masiace zemiakoviteho tvaru:Fobos a Deimos.Oba boli pravdepodobne asteroidy,ktire zachytila pritazlivost Marsu.Vacsi Fobos s dlzkou 28km je blizsie k Marsu.Fobos obieha planetu rychlo raz za kazdych 7h a 39min.deimos je dlhy iba 16km a ma omnoho hladsi povrch.Okolo Marsu obehne raz za 30 hod.
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