vlastnosti
Vznik [úprava]
Polárna žiara vzniká, keď elektricky nabité častice slnečného vetra, hlavne elektróny ale aj protóny, alfa-častice a niektoré ťažké ióny dopadajú na vrchnú vrstvu zemskej atmosféry. To spôsobuje svetielkovanie molekúl vzduchu. Náraz častice spôsobí u molekuly/atómu nabudenie zodpovedajúce zmenenej elektrónovej konfigurácii. Po krátkom čase a nasledujúcom „uvoľnení“ je vylúčené svetlo (fotón), všeobecne sa tomu hovorí fluorescencia alebo rekombinácia. Aj výbuchy atomových bômb vo vysokých vrstvách atmosféry (400 km) vyvolávajú podobnú reakciu ako napríklad test - Starfish Prime-Test USA 9. júla 1962.
Polárne žiary sa vyskytujú hlavne v polárnych oblastiach, pretože častice slnečného vetra, - elektricky nabitá plazma s priemernou rýchlosťou približne 500-833 km/s (až do 3 000 000 km/h) a s hustotou pribl. 5 × 106 častíc na m3 v blízkosti zeme, sú vychýlené magnetickým poľom Zeme pozdĺž línií magnetického poľa a sú nachýlené k pólom. V oblasti polov smeruje magnetické pole kolmo k povrchu Zeme, a častice môžu vstúpiť do atmosféry. Plazma potrebuje k vniknutiu 2-4 dni pri vzdialenosti Zem- Slnko približ. 150 mil. km.
Polárne žiary sa vyskytujú na Zemi v okolí severného pólu Aurora borealis a v blízkosti južného pólu Aurora australis. V okolí magnetických pólov je výskyt polárnych žiar najvyšší, ale výnimočne sa môžu objaviť aj v našich zemepisných šírkach, dokonca aj na rovníku. Nakoľko slnečný vietor zaplavuje rovnomerne celú guľoplochu s polomerom vzdialenosti Zeme, vyskytujú sa polárne žiary naraz na severnom aj južnom póle. Polárne žiary sa vyskytujú aj na iných planétach slnečnej sústavy, na všetkých, ktoré majú magnetické pole a atmosféru.
Aj ked v mnohých krajinách existujú pranostiky a predpovede polárnej žiary, nemá polárna žiara s počasím nič spoločné. Polárne žiary vznikajú vo výškach od 60 km, ďaleko nad troposférou, vrstva v ktorej sa odohrávajú všetky zmeny počasia siaha len do výšky približne 15km.
Častosť výskytu [úprava]
Výskyt a svetlosť polárnej žiary závisí od sily slnečného vetra, ktorý je zase závislý od aktivity slnka. Pretože slnko má dvanásťročný cyklus aktivity, výskyt polárnych žiar kolíše tiež v tomto cykluse. Obzvlášť v čase maximálnej aktivity, to znamená pri zvlášť silnom slnečnom vetre, sa objavujú polárne žiary v nižších zemepisných šírkach ako napr. stredná Európa. V jeseni 2003 bola preukázateľne pozorovaná polárna žiara v severnom Taliansku.
Mýty a legendy [úprava]
Inuiti pokladali v minulosti polárnu žiaru za pochodne, ktorými ich predkovia osvetľujú úzky most do nebeskej ríše, aby duše mŕtvych našli cestu. V stredovekej Európe boli považované za dych hrdinských bojovníkov. V Nórsku k polárnej žiare prechovávali posvätnú úctu, ale v mnohých krajinách ju považovali, podobne ako kométy, za predzvesť moru, vojny alebo smrti.
Fyzikálne vlastnosti [úprava]
Spektrum polárnej žiary je čiarové. Jej farba zodpovedá časticiam, ktoré ju vyžarujú. Červená farba je vysielaná atómami kyslíka z výšky nad 200 km. V nižších výškach vyžaruje kyslík intenzívnu zelenú farbu. Modrá farba zase pripadá na atómy dusíka vo výške 100 až 200 km. V najnižších vrstvách je žiarenie dusíka karmínové.
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Many people have a stereotype in their heads about the low quality of Chinese goods and their short service life. But despite this, all the store shelves are filled with goods from this country, whether it is clothing, appliances or even cars. Let's see what category of quality Chinese goods actually belong to.
Is it true that China produces everything?
According to statistics, every item number five is produced in the "Middle Kingdom". It is not surprising, because there are many factories and industries in the country. The question is, what is China not yet engaged in the production of?
Production of goods in China
Now even operating systems and nuclear reactors, Beijing has put on production. Of course, something is still being purchased from other countries, but the active growth in production is visible to the naked eye.
What has China succeeded most in?
It is obvious that in clothing, shoes and other consumer goods.
Automated shoe sewing lines
Further, the figures are really striking in their scale - 70% of smartphones, 60% of construction materials, 90% of computers and components, and so on, are produced in China. The following areas are also developing - metallurgy, mechanical engineering and shipbuilding, well, it has been known for a long time about Beijing's actively developing program for space exploration. Even the robots beloved by Japan and Korea, China has recently been doing more.
Which companies from the West produce their goods in China?
It is easier to list those who do not produce their goods in this country, because companies such as Apple, Microsoft, Sony, Adidas, Nike, Gucci, Colgate, Nivea and many others have long found in China the main manufacturer of their goods.
Assembly conveyor line at a Chinese factory
There are explanations for this, one of them is the opportunity to open and launch your production according to a ready-made scheme in a very short time and with low costs.
What about cars?
The time when cars from China were like test cars has passed. Now this industry is growing very rapidly, and with it the quality of cars. Now the Chinese car industry is in no way inferior to other manufacturers in comparable classes.
Chinese cars HAVAL
On the roads of any Russian city, you can find a lot of Chinese-made cars, and such popularity indicates the availability and reliability of these cars.
To sum up: is China about quality or not?
Of course, it is impossible to say unequivocally what the quality of the purchased thing will be, because China produces almost all types of goods and does it in huge volumes, but who and under what conditions produces this or that product is another question.
Tag on clothing made in China
A popular myth in our country about low-quality goods with the inscription "Made in China" appeared in the 1990s, it was then that cheap Chinese consumer goods began to appear on the markets of Russia and Europe. Now, serious and high quality control has been established at the factories of China. Any doubts of the quality control department about the product, send the products for reworking. And the success of Chinese companies in the field of mobile development suggests that a lot of attention is paid to the quality of products.
On the website https://china-bazar.com you can order any product from China at an affordable price.
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