vlastnosti
Vznik [úprava]
Polárna žiara vzniká, keď elektricky nabité častice slnečného vetra, hlavne elektróny ale aj protóny, alfa-častice a niektoré ťažké ióny dopadajú na vrchnú vrstvu zemskej atmosféry. To spôsobuje svetielkovanie molekúl vzduchu. Náraz častice spôsobí u molekuly/atómu nabudenie zodpovedajúce zmenenej elektrónovej konfigurácii. Po krátkom čase a nasledujúcom „uvoľnení“ je vylúčené svetlo (fotón), všeobecne sa tomu hovorí fluorescencia alebo rekombinácia. Aj výbuchy atomových bômb vo vysokých vrstvách atmosféry (400 km) vyvolávajú podobnú reakciu ako napríklad test - Starfish Prime-Test USA 9. júla 1962.
Polárne žiary sa vyskytujú hlavne v polárnych oblastiach, pretože častice slnečného vetra, - elektricky nabitá plazma s priemernou rýchlosťou približne 500-833 km/s (až do 3 000 000 km/h) a s hustotou pribl. 5 × 106 častíc na m3 v blízkosti zeme, sú vychýlené magnetickým poľom Zeme pozdĺž línií magnetického poľa a sú nachýlené k pólom. V oblasti polov smeruje magnetické pole kolmo k povrchu Zeme, a častice môžu vstúpiť do atmosféry. Plazma potrebuje k vniknutiu 2-4 dni pri vzdialenosti Zem- Slnko približ. 150 mil. km.
Polárne žiary sa vyskytujú na Zemi v okolí severného pólu Aurora borealis a v blízkosti južného pólu Aurora australis. V okolí magnetických pólov je výskyt polárnych žiar najvyšší, ale výnimočne sa môžu objaviť aj v našich zemepisných šírkach, dokonca aj na rovníku. Nakoľko slnečný vietor zaplavuje rovnomerne celú guľoplochu s polomerom vzdialenosti Zeme, vyskytujú sa polárne žiary naraz na severnom aj južnom póle. Polárne žiary sa vyskytujú aj na iných planétach slnečnej sústavy, na všetkých, ktoré majú magnetické pole a atmosféru.
Aj ked v mnohých krajinách existujú pranostiky a predpovede polárnej žiary, nemá polárna žiara s počasím nič spoločné. Polárne žiary vznikajú vo výškach od 60 km, ďaleko nad troposférou, vrstva v ktorej sa odohrávajú všetky zmeny počasia siaha len do výšky približne 15km.
Častosť výskytu [úprava]
Výskyt a svetlosť polárnej žiary závisí od sily slnečného vetra, ktorý je zase závislý od aktivity slnka. Pretože slnko má dvanásťročný cyklus aktivity, výskyt polárnych žiar kolíše tiež v tomto cykluse. Obzvlášť v čase maximálnej aktivity, to znamená pri zvlášť silnom slnečnom vetre, sa objavujú polárne žiary v nižších zemepisných šírkach ako napr. stredná Európa. V jeseni 2003 bola preukázateľne pozorovaná polárna žiara v severnom Taliansku.
Mýty a legendy [úprava]
Inuiti pokladali v minulosti polárnu žiaru za pochodne, ktorými ich predkovia osvetľujú úzky most do nebeskej ríše, aby duše mŕtvych našli cestu. V stredovekej Európe boli považované za dych hrdinských bojovníkov. V Nórsku k polárnej žiare prechovávali posvätnú úctu, ale v mnohých krajinách ju považovali, podobne ako kométy, za predzvesť moru, vojny alebo smrti.
Fyzikálne vlastnosti [úprava]
Spektrum polárnej žiary je čiarové. Jej farba zodpovedá časticiam, ktoré ju vyžarujú. Červená farba je vysielaná atómami kyslíka z výšky nad 200 km. V nižších výškach vyžaruje kyslík intenzívnu zelenú farbu. Modrá farba zase pripadá na atómy dusíka vo výške 100 až 200 km. V najnižších vrstvách je žiarenie dusíka karmínové.
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